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                <h1 class="kratos-entry-title text-center" itemprop="name headline">【Python】高级特性</h1>
            
            
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                <li><time datetime="2023-12-22T16:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished"><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i> 2023-12-23</time></li>
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                    <i class="fa fa-user"></i> 作者 <span itemprop="name">林家隆</span>
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                <div class="text"><p>本文最后编辑于 <time datetime="1763638522333"></time> 前，其中的内容可能需要更新。</p></div>
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                    <ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%88%87%E7%89%87"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">切片</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">列表生成式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E5%99%A8"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">生成器</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E5%99%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89"><span class="toc-number">3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">生成器的定义</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E5%99%A8"><span class="toc-number">3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">遍历生成器</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%BF%AD%E4%BB%A3%E5%99%A8"><span class="toc-number">4.</span> <span class="toc-text">迭代器</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E8%BF%AD%E4%BB%A3%E5%99%A8"><span class="toc-number">4.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">什么是迭代器</span></a></li></ol></li></ol>
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            <div itemprop="articleBody"><h2 id="切片"><a href="#切片" class="headerlink" title="切片"></a><strong>切片</strong></h2><p>切片是为了取 <code>list、tuple、str</code> 部分元素的操作。</p>
<p><code>L[x, y]</code> 表示从索引 <code>x</code> 开始取，直到索引 <code>y</code> 为止，但不包括索引 <code>y</code>。</p>
<p><code>L[x, y, n]</code> 表示从索引 <code>x</code> 到索引 <code>y</code> 为之间的元素，每 <code>n</code> 个取一个元素，但不包括索引 <code>y</code>。</p>
<p>Python 支持 <code>L[-1]</code> 取倒数第一个元素，那么它同样支持倒数切片。<code>L[x, y, n]</code> 三个参数都可以为负数。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>r = [<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">6</span>, <span class="number">7</span>, <span class="number">8</span>, <span class="number">9</span>]</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">print</span>(r[<span class="number">0</span>:<span class="number">5</span>])</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">print</span>(r[<span class="number">0</span>:<span class="number">5</span>:<span class="number">2</span>])</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">4</span>]</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">print</span>(r[-<span class="number">5</span>:-<span class="number">1</span>])</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">6</span>, <span class="number">7</span>, <span class="number">8</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">print</span>(r[-<span class="number">5</span>:-<span class="number">1</span>:<span class="number">2</span>])</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">7</span>]</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">print</span>(r[<span class="number">5</span>:<span class="number">0</span>:-<span class="number">1</span>])</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">1</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">print</span>(r[-<span class="number">1</span>:-<span class="number">5</span>:-<span class="number">1</span>])</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">9</span>, <span class="number">8</span>, <span class="number">7</span>, <span class="number">6</span>]</span><br><span class="line">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">print</span>(r[:<span class="number">5</span>])  <span class="comment"># 如果从第一个元素开始取，x 可以省略</span></span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">print</span>(r[<span class="number">5</span>:])  <span class="comment"># 如果取到最后一个元素， y 可以省略</span></span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">6</span>, <span class="number">7</span>, <span class="number">8</span>, <span class="number">9</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">print</span>(r[:])  <span class="comment"># 如果 x 和 y 都省略，就可以原样复制一个 list</span></span><br><span class="line">[<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">6</span>, <span class="number">7</span>, <span class="number">8</span>, <span class="number">9</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="列表生成式"><a href="#列表生成式" class="headerlink" title="列表生成式"></a><strong>列表生成式</strong></h2><p>列表生成式是用来创建 <code>list</code> 数据的生成式。</p>
<p>列表生成式由三部分组成：<code>[map cycle filter]</code>，其中 <code>cycle</code> 是 <code>for</code> 循环表达式，用于创建原始数据。<code>filter</code> 用来过滤原始数据，可以省略。<code>map</code> 是对原始数据进行映射操作，映射后的数据作为 <code>list</code> 数据。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>L = [<span class="string">&#x27;Hello&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;World&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;IBM&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;Apple&#x27;</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">print</span>([s.lower() <span class="keyword">for</span> s <span class="keyword">in</span> L])  <span class="comment"># [map cycle]</span></span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">&#x27;hello&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;world&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;ibm&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;apple&#x27;</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">print</span>([s.lower() <span class="keyword">for</span> s <span class="keyword">in</span> L <span class="keyword">if</span> s != <span class="string">&#x27;Apple&#x27;</span>])  <span class="comment"># [map cycle filter]</span></span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">&#x27;hello&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;world&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;ibm&#x27;</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">print</span>([m + n <span class="keyword">for</span> m <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="string">&#x27;ABC&#x27;</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> n <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="string">&#x27;123&#x27;</span>])  <span class="comment"># [map cycle cycle]</span></span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">&#x27;A1&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;A2&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;A3&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;B1&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;B2&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;B3&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;C1&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;C2&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;C3&#x27;</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">print</span>([m + n <span class="keyword">for</span> m <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="string">&#x27;ABC&#x27;</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> m != <span class="string">&#x27;B&#x27;</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> n <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="string">&#x27;123&#x27;</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> n != <span class="string">&#x27;2&#x27;</span>])  <span class="comment"># [map cycle filter cycle filter]</span></span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">&#x27;A1&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;A3&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;C1&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;C3&#x27;</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><code>for</code> 循环可以同时使用两个甚至多个变量：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>d = &#123;<span class="string">&#x27;x&#x27;</span>: <span class="string">&#x27;A&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;y&#x27;</span>: <span class="string">&#x27;B&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;z&#x27;</span>: <span class="string">&#x27;C&#x27;</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">print</span>([k + <span class="string">&#x27;=&#x27;</span> + v <span class="keyword">for</span> k, v <span class="keyword">in</span> d.items()])</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">&#x27;x=A&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;y=B&#x27;</span>, <span class="string">&#x27;z=C&#x27;</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="生成器"><a href="#生成器" class="headerlink" title="生成器"></a><strong>生成器</strong></h2><p>列表生成式是一次性获取全部 list 数据，生成器是根据某种算法一个一个地获取 list 中的数据。生成器实际上保存的是算法。</p>
<h3 id="生成器的定义"><a href="#生成器的定义" class="headerlink" title="生成器的定义"></a><strong>生成器的定义</strong></h3><p>有两种定义方式：</p>
<p><strong>第一种：</strong>把列表生成式 <code>[map cycle filter]</code> 中的 <code>[]</code> 改成 <code>()</code></p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>L = [x * x <span class="keyword">for</span> x <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="built_in">range</span>(<span class="number">10</span>)]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="built_in">type</span>(L))</span><br><span class="line">&lt;<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="string">&#x27;list&#x27;</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>G = (x * x <span class="keyword">for</span> x <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="built_in">range</span>(<span class="number">10</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="built_in">type</span>(G))</span><br><span class="line">&lt;<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="string">&#x27;generator&#x27;</span>&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><strong>第二种：</strong>函数定义中包含 <code>yield</code> 关键字，那么这个函数就不再是一个普通函数，而是一个生成器函数。调用一个生成器函数将返回一个生成器对象。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 定义生成器函数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">generator_fun</span>(<span class="params">x, y</span>):</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="built_in">range</span>(x, y):</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">yield</span> i</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>普通函数跟生成器函数的执行流程不一样。普通函数是顺序执行，遇到 <code>return</code> 语句或者最后一行函数语句就返回。而生成器函数，在每次调用 <code>next()</code> 的时候执行，遇到 <code>yield</code> 语句返回，再次执行时从上次返回的 <code>yield</code> 语句处继续执行。</p>
<p><strong>注意：</strong>调用生成器函数会创建一个生成器对象，多次调用生成器函数会创建多个相互独立的生成器对象。</p>
<h3 id="遍历生成器"><a href="#遍历生成器" class="headerlink" title="遍历生成器"></a><strong>遍历生成器</strong></h3><p>遍历生成器有两种方式，一种是调用 <code>next()</code> 函数，但是写代码不会用这种方式。另一种是用 <code>for</code> 循环。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 定义生成器函数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">generator_fun</span>(<span class="params">x, y</span>):</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="built_in">range</span>(x, y):</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">yield</span> i</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 获取生成器对象</span></span><br><span class="line">generator = generator_fun(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">10</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 遍历生成器</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> val <span class="keyword">in</span> generator:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">print</span>(val)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="迭代器"><a href="#迭代器" class="headerlink" title="迭代器"></a><strong>迭代器</strong></h2><h3 id="什么是迭代器"><a href="#什么是迭代器" class="headerlink" title="什么是迭代器"></a><strong>什么是迭代器</strong></h3><p>直接作用于 <code>for</code> 循环的对象统称为可迭代对象 <code>Iterable</code> ，例如：<code>list</code>、<code>tuple</code>、<code>dict</code>、<code>set</code>、<code>str</code>等。</p>
<p>可以被 <code>next()</code> 函数调用并不断返回下一个值的对象称为迭代器 <code>Iterator</code> ，例如生成器：<code>generator</code>。</p>
<p><code>Iterator</code> 对象的特征：<code>Iterator</code> 的计算是惰性的，只有在需要返回下一个数据时它才会计算。</p>
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